Hyperthyroidism
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Clinical causes
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Preoperative management
Intraoperative management
Postoperative mangement
Clinical causes:
-Graves Disease
-exogenous administration
-thyroiditis
-toxic multinodular goiter
-adenoma of thyroid
-tumor of pituitary
Clinical manifestations:
-weight loss
-muscle weakness
-nervousness
-heat intolerance
-diarhea
-reflex (hyper-reflexia)
Diagnosis:
Throid Function Test:
-increased T3
-increased T4 (bound and unbound)
-decreased TSH
Treatment:
Medical treatment
-propylthiouracil
-methimazole
-sodium iodide
-potassium
-propranolol
-radioactive iodine (not for pregnant females)
Surgical treatment
-subtotal thyroidectomy
Indication:
-large toxic multinodular goiter
-solitary toxic adenoma
Preoperative management
Elective surgery:
-euthryoid with medical treatment
-normal thyroid function test
-resting heart rate < 85 bpm
-continue antithyroid medications till a.m of surgery
Emergency surgery:
-attempt for CVS stability with esmolol infusion
Intraoperative management
Induction:
-induction agent of choice : thiopental
may have an exaggerated hypotensive response to induction due to:
-hypovolemia
-vasodilated
Intubation:
intubate patient when deeply anesthetized to avoid:
-tachycardia
-hypertension
-ventricular dysrhythmia
Systemic precautions:
-ophthalmology: exopthalmus: therefore avoid corneal abrasions
-airway: avoid kinking, compression or obstruction of ETT: may require armored ETT
-thyroid mass: head elevation approx 15 - 20 degree to promote venous drainage and reduce amount of bleeding
-cardiac: avoid tachycardia, hypertension, ventricular dysrhythmias
-hepatic: increased drug metabolism therefore more prone to hepatic injury ex. halothane hepatitis
-renal: may be prone to renal toxicity ex. enflurane
-NMJ: hyperthyroidism may be associated myopathies, myasthenia gravis
Postoperative management:
Observe for potential postoperative complications:
-thyroid storm
-recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy
-hematoma
-hypoparathyroidism
-pneumothorax
Thyroid storm:
-change in mental status (agitation, delirium, coma)
-tachycardia (treat with esmolol infusion or propranolol 0.5 mg IV increments until heart rate is less than 100bpm)
-hyperpyrexia (treat with cooling blanket)
recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy: acute
-unilateral: hoarseness
-bilateral: stridor, aphonia, flacid paralysis adduction of vocal cords
Hematoma:
-may create tracheal/airway compression and obstruction
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In healthy people, the thyroid makes just the right amounts of two hormones, T4 and T3, which have important actions throughout the body. These hormones regulate many aspects of our metabolism, eventually affecting how many calories we burn, how warm we feel, and how much we weigh. In short, the thyroid "runs" our metabolism. Anyway, In Arlington VA, Carpet Cleaning Proz strive to make our residential and commercial clients the happiest clients of a carpet cleaners that can be. If you need carpet cleaners visit us now Carpet Cleaning Arlington VA.
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